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富兰克林·罗斯福1933.3.4的首次就任总统时的演讲
《我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身》
First inaugural Address
(Franklin D. Roosevelt)
Mar. 4, 1933
President Hoover, Mister Chief Justice, my friends:
This is a day of national consecration, and I am certain that on this day my fellow Americans expect that on my induction in the Presidency. I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impelled. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing the conditions facing our country today. This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So first of all, let me express my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself - nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror, which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life, a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves, which is essential to victory. And I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. In such a spirit on my part and on yours, we face our common difficulties. They concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen, our ability to pay has fallen, government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income, the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side, farmers find no markets for their produce, and the savings of many years and thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equal and great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment.
And yet, our distress comes from no failure of substance, we are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered, because they believed and were not afraid, we have so much to be thankful for Nature surrounds us with her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure and have abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men.
True, they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by a failure of credit, they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which they induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortation, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They only know the rules of a generation of self seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision, the people perish.
Yes, the money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. A measure of that restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social value, more noble than mere monetary profits.
Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative efforts, the joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days, my friends, will be worth all they cost us, if they teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered on to, but to minister to ourselves, to our fellow men. Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of a false belief that public office and high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profits, and there must be an end to our conduct in banking and in business, which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous and selfish wrong-doing. Small wonder, that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of our obligation, on faithful protection and on unselfish performance. Without them it cannot live.
Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This nation is asking for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we take it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our great natural resources. Hand in hand with that, we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution in an effort to provide better use of the land for those best fitted for the land.
注释：
consecration
n.供献, 奉献, 献祭仪式
induction
n.感应, 感应现象, 归纳
preeminently
adv 卓越地；杰出地
paralyze
vt.使瘫痪, 使麻痹
curtailment
n.缩减, 缩短
grim
adj.严酷的
distress
n.悲痛, 穷困, 不幸, 危难, 忧伤
v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤
plague
n.瘟疫, 麻烦, 苦恼, 灾祸
vt.折磨, 使苦恼, 使得灾祸
locust
n.[动]蝗虫, 蚱蜢, 蝉
peril
n.危险
bounty
n.慷慨, 宽大, 施舍, 奖励金
languish
vi.憔悴, 凋萎, 衰退, 苦思
stubbornness
n.倔强, 顽强
incompetence
n.无能力, 不适当
[律]无行为能力,法律上无资格
abdicate
v.退位, 放弃(职位,权力等)
unscrupulous
adj.肆无忌惮的, 无道德的, 不谨慎的
indict
vt.起诉, 控告, 指控, 告发
resort
vi.求助, 诉诸, 采取(某种手段等), 常去
n.凭借, 手段, 常去之地, 胜地
exhortation
n.劝告, 讲道词, 训词
chase
n.追赶, 追击
vt.追赶, 追逐, 雕镂
evanescent
adj.渐消失的, 易消散的, 会凋零的
falsity
n.虚伪, 虚假, 不老实, 不忠实, 谎言
overbalance
v.失去平衡
engaging
adj.动人的, 有魅力的, 迷人的
我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身
1933.3.4
富兰克林·罗斯福
今天，对我们的国家来说，是一个神圣的日子。我肯定，同胞们都期待我在就任总统时，会像我国目前形势所要求的那样，坦率而坚定地向他们讲话。现在正是坦诚、大胆地说出实情，说出全部实情的最佳时刻。我们不必畏首畏尾，不老老实实面对我国今天的情况。这个伟大的国家会一如既往地永存，它会复兴和繁荣起来。因此，首先让我表明我的坚定信念：我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身——一种莫名其妙、丧失理智的、毫无根据的恐惧，会把人转退为进所需的种种努力化为泡影。每当我们的国家生活在阴云密布的时刻，坦诚而有活力的领导都获得了人民的理解和支持，这是我们获胜的必备条件。我相信，在目前危急时刻，你们会再次给予同样的支持。我和你们都要以这种精神，来面对我们共同的困难。感谢上帝，这些困难只是物质方面的。价值难以想象地贬缩了；苛税增加了；我们的支付能力下降了；各级政府面临着严重的收入短缺；交易手段在贸易过程中遭到了冻结；工业企业枯萎的落叶到处可见；农场主的产品找不到销路；千家万户多年的积蓄付之东流。更重要的是，大批失业人员正面临严峻的生存问题，还有大批的人正以艰辛的劳动换取微薄的报酬。只有愚蠢的乐天派会否认当前这些阴暗的现实。
但是，我们的苦恼决不是因为物质的缺乏。我们没有遭到什么蝗虫的灾害。我们的先辈曾凭着信念和无畏一次次转危为安，与他们经历过的险阻相比，我们应该大感欣慰。大自然仍在给予我们恩惠，人类的努力已使之倍增。富足的日子就在眼前，但就在我们将要见到这种情景的时候，过量的索取，使得宽裕的生活却悄然离去。这主要是因为主宰人类物质交换的统治者们失败了，他们固执己见和无能为力导致了他们的失败，他们已经承认失败，并撒手不管了。贪得无厌的货币兑换商的种种行径，将受到舆论法庭的起诉，将受到人类心灵的唾弃。
的确，他们也曾努力过。但是，他们用的是一种完全过时的传统方法。面对信贷的失败，他们只是提议借出更多的钱。没有了引诱人民追随他们的错误领导的金钱，他们只得求助于讲道，含泪祈求人民重新给予他们信心。他们只知自我追求者们的处世之道。他们没有眼光，而没有眼光的人是注定要灭亡的。
如今，货币兑换商已从我们文明庙宇的高处落荒而逃。我们要以千古不变的真理来重建这座庙宇。我们将把比金钱利益更高尚的社会价值融进衡量重建的尺度。
幸福并不在于单纯地占有金钱；幸福还在于取得成就后的喜悦，在于努力创造时的激情。再也不要忘记劳动带来的喜悦和激励，而去疯狂地追逐那转瞬即逝的利润。朋友们，如果这些暗淡的日子能使我们认识到，我们真正的天命不是要别人侍奉，而是为自己和同胞们服务，那么，我们付出的代价就完全值得。
认识到把物质财富当作成功的标准是错误的，我们就会抛弃以地位尊严和个人收益为唯一标准，来衡量公职和高级政治地位的错误信念；我们必须结束银行界和企业界的一种行为，它常常使神圣的委托混同于无情和自私的不正当行为。难怪信心在减弱，信心，只有靠诚实、信誉、忠心维护和无私履行职责才能坚实，而没有这些，就不可能有信心。然而，复兴不仅仅只要改变伦理观念，整个国家要行动起来，现在就行动起来。
我们最大、最基本的任务是让人民有工作。只要我行之以智慧和勇气，这个问题就可以解决。这可以部分由政府直接征募完成，就像对待临战的紧要关头一样，但同时，在有了人手的情况下，我们还急需能刺激并重组巨大自然资源的工程。我们齐心协力，但必须坦白地承认工业中心的人口失衡。我们必须在全国范围内重新分配土地，使土地在最适合的人手中发挥更大作用。
富兰克林·罗斯福1933.3.4的首次就任总统时的演讲
《我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身》
First inaugural Address
(Franklin D. Roosevelt)
Mar. 4, 1933
President Hoover, Mister Chief Justice, my friends:
This is a day of national consecration, and I am certain that on this day my fellow Americans expect that on my induction in the Presidency. I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impelled. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing the conditions facing our country today. This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So first of all, let me express my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself - nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror, which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance. In every dark hour of our national life, a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves, which is essential to victory. And I am convinced that you will again give that support to leadership in these critical days. In such a spirit on my part and on yours, we face our common difficulties. They concern, thank God, only material things. Values have shrunken to fantastic levels; taxes have risen, our ability to pay has fallen, government of all kinds is faced by serious curtailment of income, the means of exchange are frozen in the currents of trade; the withered leaves of industrial enterprise lie on every side, farmers find no markets for their produce, and the savings of many years and thousands of families are gone. More important, a host of unemployed citizens face the grim problem of existence, and an equal and great number toil with little return. Only a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment.
And yet, our distress comes from no failure of substance, we are stricken by no plague of locusts. Compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered, because they believed and were not afraid, we have so much to be thankful for Nature surrounds us with her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily, this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure and have abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men.
True, they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by a failure of credit, they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which they induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortation, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They only know the rules of a generation of self seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision, the people perish.
Yes, the money changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. A measure of that restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social value, more noble than mere monetary profits.
Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative efforts, the joy and moral stimulation of work no longer must be forgotten in the mad chase of evanescent profits. These dark days, my friends, will be worth all they cost us, if they teach us that our true destiny is not to be ministered on to, but to minister to ourselves, to our fellow men. Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of a false belief that public office and high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profits, and there must be an end to our conduct in banking and in business, which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous and selfish wrong-doing. Small wonder, that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of our obligation, on faithful protection and on unselfish performance. Without them it cannot live.
Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This nation is asking for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we take it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our great natural resources. Hand in hand with that, we must frankly recognize the overbalance of population in our industrial centers and by engaging on a national scale in a redistribution in an effort to provide better use of the land for those best fitted for the land.
注释：
consecration
n.供献, 奉献, 献祭仪式
induction
n.感应, 感应现象, 归纳
preeminently
adv 卓越地；杰出地
paralyze
vt.使瘫痪, 使麻痹
curtailment
n.缩减, 缩短
grim
adj.严酷的
distress
n.悲痛, 穷困, 不幸, 危难, 忧伤
v.使悲痛, 使穷困, 使忧伤
plague
n.瘟疫, 麻烦, 苦恼, 灾祸
vt.折磨, 使苦恼, 使得灾祸
locust
n.[动]蝗虫, 蚱蜢, 蝉
peril
n.危险
bounty
n.慷慨, 宽大, 施舍, 奖励金
languish
vi.憔悴, 凋萎, 衰退, 苦思
stubbornness
n.倔强, 顽强
incompetence
n.无能力, 不适当
[律]无行为能力,法律上无资格
abdicate
v.退位, 放弃(职位,权力等)
unscrupulous
adj.肆无忌惮的, 无道德的, 不谨慎的
indict
vt.起诉, 控告, 指控, 告发
resort
vi.求助, 诉诸, 采取(某种手段等), 常去
n.凭借, 手段, 常去之地, 胜地
exhortation
n.劝告, 讲道词, 训词
chase
n.追赶, 追击
vt.追赶, 追逐, 雕镂
evanescent
adj.渐消失的, 易消散的, 会凋零的
falsity
n.虚伪, 虚假, 不老实, 不忠实, 谎言
overbalance
v.失去平衡
engaging
adj.动人的, 有魅力的, 迷人的
我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身
1933.3.4
富兰克林·罗斯福
今天，对我们的国家来说，是一个神圣的日子。我肯定，同胞们都期待我在就任总统时，会像我国目前形势所要求的那样，坦率而坚定地向他们讲话。现在正是坦诚、大胆地说出实情，说出全部实情的最佳时刻。我们不必畏首畏尾，不老老实实面对我国今天的情况。这个伟大的国家会一如既往地永存，它会复兴和繁荣起来。因此，首先让我表明我的坚定信念：我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身——一种莫名其妙、丧失理智的、毫无根据的恐惧，会把人转退为进所需的种种努力化为泡影。每当我们的国家生活在阴云密布的时刻，坦诚而有活力的领导都获得了人民的理解和支持，这是我们获胜的必备条件。我相信，在目前危急时刻，你们会再次给予同样的支持。我和你们都要以这种精神，来面对我们共同的困难。感谢上帝，这些困难只是物质方面的。价值难以想象地贬缩了；苛税增加了；我们的支付能力下降了；各级政府面临着严重的收入短缺；交易手段在贸易过程中遭到了冻结；工业企业枯萎的落叶到处可见；农场主的产品找不到销路；千家万户多年的积蓄付之东流。更重要的是，大批失业人员正面临严峻的生存问题，还有大批的人正以艰辛的劳动换取微薄的报酬。只有愚蠢的乐天派会否认当前这些阴暗的现实。
但是，我们的苦恼决不是因为物质的缺乏。我们没有遭到什么蝗虫的灾害。我们的先辈曾凭着信念和无畏一次次转危为安，与他们经历过的险阻相比，我们应该大感欣慰。大自然仍在给予我们恩惠，人类的努力已使之倍增。富足的日子就在眼前，但就在我们将要见到这种情景的时候，过量的索取，使得宽裕的生活却悄然离去。这主要是因为主宰人类物质交换的统治者们失败了，他们固执己见和无能为力导致了他们的失败，他们已经承认失败，并撒手不管了。贪得无厌的货币兑换商的种种行径，将受到舆论法庭的起诉，将受到人类心灵的唾弃。
的确，他们也曾努力过。但是，他们用的是一种完全过时的传统方法。面对信贷的失败，他们只是提议借出更多的钱。没有了引诱人民追随他们的错误领导的金钱，他们只得求助于讲道，含泪祈求人民重新给予他们信心。他们只知自我追求者们的处世之道。他们没有眼光，而没有眼光的人是注定要灭亡的。
如今，货币兑换商已从我们文明庙宇的高处落荒而逃。我们要以千古不变的真理来重建这座庙宇。我们将把比金钱利益更高尚的社会价值融进衡量重建的尺度。
幸福并不在于单纯地占有金钱；幸福还在于取得成就后的喜悦，在于努力创造时的激情。再也不要忘记劳动带来的喜悦和激励，而去疯狂地追逐那转瞬即逝的利润。朋友们，如果这些暗淡的日子能使我们认识到，我们真正的天命不是要别人侍奉，而是为自己和同胞们服务，那么，我们付出的代价就完全值得。
认识到把物质财富当作成功的标准是错误的，我们就会抛弃以地位尊严和个人收益为唯一标准，来衡量公职和高级政治地位的错误信念；我们必须结束银行界和企业界的一种行为，它常常使神圣的委托混同于无情和自私的不正当行为。难怪信心在减弱，信心，只有靠诚实、信誉、忠心维护和无私履行职责才能坚实，而没有这些，就不可能有信心。然而，复兴不仅仅只要改变伦理观念，整个国家要行动起来，现在就行动起来。
我们最大、最基本的任务是让人民有工作。只要我行之以智慧和勇气，这个问题就可以解决。这可以部分由政府直接征募完成，就像对待临战的紧要关头一样，但同时，在有了人手的情况下，我们还急需能刺激并重组巨大自然资源的工程。我们齐心协力，但必须坦白地承认工业中心的人口失衡。我们必须在全国范围内重新分配土地，使土地在最适合的人手中发挥更大作用。
《我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身》下
First inaugural Address (B)
(Franklin D. Roosevelt)
Mar. 4, 1933
Yes the task can be helped by definite efforts to raise the value of the agricultural product and with this the power to purchase the output of our cities. It can be helped by preventing realistically the tragedy of the growing losses through fore closures of our small homes and our farms. It can be helped by insistence that the federal, the state, and the local government act forthwith on the demands that their costs be drastically reduce. It can be helped by the unifying of relief activities which today are often scattered, uneconomical and unequal. It can be helped by national planning for, and supervision of all forms of transportation, and of communications, and other utilities that have a definitely public character. There are many ways in which it can be helped, but it can never be helped by merely talking about it. We must act, we must act quickly.
And finally in our progress toward a resumption of work, we require two safeguards against the return of the evils of the old order; there must be a strict supervision of all banking and credits and investments; there must be an end to speculation with other people’s money; and there must be provisions for an adequate but sound currency.
These, my friends, are the lines of attack. I shall presently urge upon a new Congress in special session, detailed measures for their fulfillment, and I shall seek the immediate assistance of the 48 states. Through this program of action, we address ourselves to putting our own national house in order, and making income balance outflow our international trade relations, though vastly important, are in point of time and necessity secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. I favor as a practical policy the putting of first things first. I shall spare no effort to restore world trade by international economic readjustment, but the emergency at home cannot wait on that accomplishment.
The basic thought that guides these specific means of national recovery is not narrowly nationalistic. It is the insistence, as a first consideration upon the inter-dependence of the various elements in all parts of the United States of America - a recognition of the old and the permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer. It is the way to recovery, it is the immediate way, it is the strongest assurance that recovery will endure.
In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor. The neighbor who resolutely respects himself, and because he does so, respects the rights of others; The neighbor who respects his obligation, and respects the sanctity of his agreement, in and with, a world of neighbor. If I read the temper of our people correctly we now realize what we have never realized before, our inter-dependence on each other, that we cannot merely take, but we must give as well. That if we are to go forward, we must move as a trained and loyal army willing to sacrifice for the good of a common discipline, because without such discipline, no progress can be made, no leadership becomes effective. We are all ready and willing to submit our lives and our property to such discipline because it makes possible a leadership which aims at the larger good. This, I propose to offer we are going to larger purposes, bind upon us, bind upon us all, as a sacred obligation with a unity of duty hitherto evoked only in times of armed strife.
With this pledge taken, I assume unhesitatingly, the leadership of this great army of our people dedicated to a disciplined attack upon our common problems. Action in this image, action to this end, is feasible under the form of government which we have inherited from my ancestors. Our constitution is so simple, so practical, that it is possible always, to meet extraordinary needs, by changes in emphasis and arrangements without loss of a central form, that is why our constitutional system has proved itself the most superbly enduring political mechanism the modern world has ever seen. It has met every stress of vast expansion of territory of foreign wars, of bitter internal strife, of world relations. And it is to be hoped that the normal balance of executive and legislative authority will be fully equal, fully adequate to meet the unprecedented task before us. But it may be that an unprecedented demand and need for underlay action may call for temporary departure from that normal balance of public procedure.
We face the arduous days that lie before us in the warm courage of national unity in the clearest consciousness of seeking all and precious moral values, with the clean satisfaction that comes from the stern performance of duty by old and young alike, we aim at the assurance of a rounded, a permanent national life.
We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. The people of the United States have not failed. In their need, they have registered a mandate that they want direct, vigorous action. They have asked for discipline, and direction under leadership, they have made me the present instrument of their wishes. In the spirit of the gift, I take it. In this dedication, in this dedication of a nation, we humbly ask the blessings of God, may He protect each and every one of us, may He guide me in the days to come.
closure
n.关闭
vt.使终止
forthwith
adv.立刻, 不犹豫地
speculation
n.思索, 做投机买卖
spare no effort
不遗余力
v.宽容,节约,抽出
resolutely
adv.毅然地, 坚决地
sanctity
n.圣洁
superbly
adv.雄伟地, 壮丽地
unprecedented adj 空前的
mandate
n.(书面)命令, 训令, 要求, (前国际联盟的)委任托管权
vt.委任统治
我们唯一应该害怕的就是害怕本身
1933.3.4
富兰克林·罗斯福
是的，明确地为提高农产品价值并以此购买城市产品所做的努力，有助于这项任务的完成。避免许多小家庭业、农场业被取消赎取抵押品的权利的悲剧，也有助于这项任务的完成。联邦政府、州、各地政府立即行动回应要求降价的呼声；将现在常常是分散的、不经济的、不平等的救济活动统一起来；对所有公共交通运输，通讯及其它涉及公众生活的设施作全国性的计划及监督，这些都有助于这项任务的完成。许多事情都有助于这项任务完成，但这些决不包括空谈，我们必须行动，立即行动。
最后，为了重新开始工作，我们需要两手防御，来抗御旧秩序恶魔卷土重来；一定要有严格监督银行业、信贷及投资的机制；一定要杜绝用别人的钱来投机取巧；一定要有充足而健康的货币供应。
朋友们，以上这些，就是施政方针。我要在特别会议上敦促新国会给予详细实施方案，并且，我要向48个州请求立即的援助。通过行动，我们将建立我们自己的有秩序的国家大厦，使收入平衡。我们的国际贸易关系，虽然很重要，但目前在时间和必要性上，要让位于对本国健康经济的建立。我建议，作为可行的策略，首要事务先行。虽然我将不遗余力通过国际经济重新协调来恢复国际贸易，但我认为国内的紧急情况无法等待这种重新协调的完成。
指导这一特别的全国性复苏的基本思想并非狭隘的国家主义。我首先考虑的是坚持美国这一整体中各部分的相互依赖性--这是对美国式的开拓精神的古老而永恒的证明的体现。这才是复苏之路，是即时之路，是保证复苏功效持久之路。
在国际政策方面，我将使美国采取睦邻友好的政策。做一个决心自重，因此而尊重邻国的国家。做一个履行义务，尊重与他国协约的国家。
如果我对人民的心情的了解正确的话，我想我们已认识到了我们从未认识的问题，我们是互相依存的，我们不可以只索取，我们还必须奉献。我们前进时，必须像一支训练有素的忠诚的军队，愿意为共同的原则而献身，因为，没有这些原则，就无法取得进步，领导就不可能有效。我们都已做好准备，并愿意为此原则献出生命和财产，因为这将使志在建设更美好社会的领导成为可能。我倡议，为了更伟大的目标，我们所有的人，以一致的职责紧紧团结起来。这是神圣的义务，非战乱，不停止。
有了这样的誓言，我保证将毫不犹豫地承担领导伟大人民大军的任务，致力于解决我们普遍问题。这样的行动，这样的目标，在我们从祖先手中接过的政府中是可行的。我们的宪法如此简单、实在，它随时可以应付特殊情况，只需对重点和安排加以修改而不丧失中心思想，正因为如此，我们的宪法体制已被证明是最有适应性的政治体制。它已应付过巨大的国土扩张、外战、内乱及国际关系所带来的压力。而我们还希望执法者做到充分的公平，能充分地担负前所未有的任务。但现在前所未有的对紧急行动的需要，要求国民暂时丢弃平常生活节奏，紧迫起来。
让我们正视面前的严峻岁月，怀着举国一致给我们带来的热情和勇气，怀着寻求传统的、珍贵的道德观念的明确意识，怀着老少都能通过克尽职守而得到的问心无愧的满足。我们的目标是要保证国民生活的圆满和长治久安。我们并不怀疑基本民主制度的未来。美国人民并没有失败，他们在困难中表达了自己的委托，即要求采取直接而有力的行动。他们要求有领导的纪律和方向。他们现在选择了我作为实现他们的愿望的工具，我接受这份厚赠。
在此举国奉献之际，我们谦卑地请求上帝赐福。愿上帝保佑我们大家和每一个人，愿上帝在未来的日子里指引我。
Economic Effects of Mad Cow Disease
By Mario Ritter
This is Robert Cohen with the VOA Special English Agriculture Report. Reports suggest that the first case of mad cow disease in the United States has not worried the public very much. Officials point out that the sick cow came from Canada, although the case remains under investigation. But the American beef industry is worried about the economic effects. More than thirty nations have banned American beef.
North America has now had two confirmed cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Last May, Canada announced a case of the brain-wasting disease in a cow in Alberta. People who eat infected meat can get a rare human form. So the United States and other countries banned imports of Canadian beef.
The ban had a sharp effect on prices. The Economic Research Service of the Agriculture Department reports on prices in the United States. Its information shows that beef prices jumped almost thirty percent in one year. The research service estimated that prices would remain high because of limited supply. People who want to lose weight have also increased demand for beef and other high-protein foods.
In August, the United States began again to accept some Canadian beef from younger cattle. Imports of live cattle are not yet included.
Then, on December twenty-third, Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman announced the first American case of the disease. Several nations moved within hours to ban American beef. These included Japan, the biggest importer of American beef.
Japan has increased its imports almost every year since the early nineteen-seventies. But, last August, Japan raised import taxes on beef from thirty-eight percent to fifty-percent. The higher customs are meant to help the Japanese beef industry. That industry was hurt by its own outbreak of the disease in two-thousand-one.
Late last week, a Japanese delegation met with officials in Washington to discuss steps to end the ban. Earlier, Japan said new measures to prevent the spread of the disease were not enough. These include a move to keep all tissue that may carry the infection out of human food. Other steps include a ban on the use of mechanically separated meat in food, and the use of sick or injured cows for food.
Japanese officials called for greater steps to test for mad cow disease in the United States. In Japan, every cow is tested （以下声音缺失）for the infection.
This VOA Special English Agriculture Report was written by Mario Ritter. This is Robert Cohen.
注释：
mad cow disease 疯牛病
industry [5indEstri] n. 产业
bovine spongiform encephalopathy 牛绵状脑病（疯牛病）
Alberta 阿尔伯达省，加拿大西部一省份。
Economic Research Service of the Agriculture Department 农业部经济研究局
high-protein 高蛋白的
live [liv] adj. 活的
outbreak [5autbreik] n. 发作
tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织
Findings about Air Pollution and Heart Disease
/ Fossils from the 'Missing Years' in Africa / U.S. Bans Ephedra for Weight Loss
By Caty Weaver
VOICE ONE:
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, in VOA Special English. I'm Bob Doughty.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Sarah Long. This week -- fossils help bring light to a mysterious time in prehistoric Africa.
VOICE ONE:
New findings about air pollution: Could it be worse for the heart than the lungs?
VOICE TWO:
And, in the United States, the government acts to ban a weight-loss product.
VOICE ONE:
Researchers say they have identified animal fossils from twenty-seven-million years ago in what is now Ethiopia. The remains are from the middle of a time called the "missing years" or the "dark period." This is because scientists have so little information about the mammals that lived then.
The period began thirty-two-million years ago. Africa and Arabia were a single continent, a huge island known as Afro-Arabia. The period ended twenty-four-million years ago, after a land bridge formed with Eurasia.
VOICE TWO:
John Kappelman is an anthropologist at the University of Texas in Austin and leader of the American and Ethiopian search team. Mister Kappelman says eight million years is a long time to lack information about a continent. He says scientists have only been able to guess what happened to African mammals during that period.
The remains found in the Chilga area of Ethiopia offer important evidence.
VOICE ONE:
The remains include teeth, skull pieces and other bones. The scientists found them in a farming area about two-thousand meters above sea level, in the highlands of Ethiopia. Satellite pictures helped the researchers decide where to dig. The fossils came from about seventy different digs. The magazine Nature published the findings.
The scientists say the fossils come from before large numbers of animals began to arrive in Africa from Europe and Asia. The fossils also show that some animals existed millions of years before scientists had thought.
VOICE TWO:
The researchers found several kinds of ancient proboscideans. These are animals with trunks. Modern elephants are proboscideans. Scientists have long thought elephants began in Africa. They say this discovery proves that theory. The ancestors weighed about one-thousand kilograms, a lot smaller than African elephants today.
John Kappelman says the elephant ancestors were one of the few African mammals that survived the invasion of mammals from Eurasia. He says elephants got their start in Africa during the eight-million-year period, and then spread around the world.
VOICE ONE:
The researchers also found the remains of an ancient animal with two horns on its head, called the arsinoithere. The scientists were excited, because this is the youngest set of such remains yet discovered. The animal is much larger than its ancestors. Earlier forms were about the size of pigs. But the arsinoithere found at Chilga was about two meters tall and weighed more than two tons.
They were similar to the modern rhinoceros. The two are not related. In fact, scientists thought arsinoitheres had disappeared from the Afro-Arabian continent once rhinos arrived from Eurasia. One researcher says it now appears they did not compete for survival.
Scientists say they expect more discoveries to come about the mammals that lived during the so-called missing years.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
A study finds that air pollution is worse for the heart than the lungs.The American Heart Association published the findings in its magazine, Circulation.
Researchers used information given by more than half-a-million adults between nineteen-eighty-two and nineteen-ninety-eight. The information is from a continuing study by the American Cancer Society on cancer prevention. The study included people thirty and older living in cities where officials kept records on air pollution.
VOICE ONE:
During the sixteen-year period, one in five of the people in the study died. The scientists found that heart disease caused about forty-five percent of the deaths. Only eight percent of the people died from diseases of the breathing system.
The researchers compared the information with air pollution records from more than one-hundred-fifty cities. The scientists controlled for things that increase the risk of heart disease, like smoking and being overweight. Still, they found a stronger link between air pollution and heart disease than respiratory disease.
VOICE TWO:
Arden Pope of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, led the study. He says air pollution is not the main cause of heart disease. But, he says, breathing polluted air causes swelling and worsens disease in the arteries of the blood system. He says this affects the ability of the heart to operate effectively. The study also suggests that air pollution harms the nervous system, leading to abnormal heartbeat.
The study involved air polluted by small particles of soot. Vehicles that use diesel fuel create a lot of soot. So do some factories. But it is also released into the air by burning wood and other substances including animal waste and vegetable oil for fuel.
(MUSIC)
VOICE ONE:
Soot was cause for a different concern in another recent study. Scientists with the American space agency, NASA, suggest it as a major cause of global warming. The NASA researchers say soot may be responsible for twenty-five percent of global warming observed over the past century.
With computers they recreated the effects of industrial gases and other influences on world climate. They say carbon dioxide and other gases that trap heat have been the main cause of recent global warming, and will remain so. Still, they say soot may be worse than has been thought.
The study says the problem is how soot interacts with snow and ice.
VOICE TWO:
Snow and ice have highly reflective surfaces. A lot of the sunlight that hits them is forced back up toward the sky. This helps prevent melting. But the scientists say the problem develops when snowflakes pick up fine particles of soot as they fall. The black carbon in soot reduces the ability of snow and ice to reflect sunlight. Instead, the black soot absorbs the energy and warmth, and causes melting.
James Hansen and Larissa Nazarenko of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies reported the findings. They estimate that soot particles in snow reduced reflectivity by three percent in northern land areas of the world. Their estimate for the Arctic is one-and-a-half percent.
VOICE ONE:
The scientists say the soot causes the melting season of glaciers to begin earlier and last longer. This has a large effect, they say, because wet snow is much darker than dry snow. So the problem increases.
The scientists estimate that soot is two times as effective as carbon dioxide in changing surface air temperatures. But they say the good news is that cleaner diesel engines and other technologies are being developed to reduce soot.
The study is in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
In the United States, the government is acting to ban the sale of ephedra as a product to help people lose weight. Ephedra is a plant that contains ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. These substances can increase a person's energy level and cause weight loss. However, officials warn that ephedra also raises blood pressure. Ephedra has been linked to heart attacks, strokes, seizures and deaths.
The secretary of Health and Human Services announced the ban. Tommy Thompson urged people to stop using ephedra even before the ban takes effect. He said he did not want to delay the announcement, because people often try to lose weight at the start of a new year.
VOICE ONE:
The market has grown sharply for herbal products known as dietary supplements. Companies do not have to prove them safe and effective the way drug makers do. In nineteen-ninety-four, Congress limited the ability of the Food and Drug Administration to take action against supplements. This is the first ban since then.
The ban will not include the version of ephedra used in medicines to treat breathing infections. Ephedra has long been used for this purpose as a traditional medicine in China, where the plant is called ma huang.
VOICE TWO:
SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Caty Weaver and produced by Cynthia Kirk. I'm Sarah Long.
VOICE ONE:
And, I'm Bob Doughty. Join us again next week for another program about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
注释：
fossil [5fCsl] n. 化石
prehistoric [5pri:his5tCrik] adj. 史前的
Ethiopia [7i:Wi5EupjE] n. 埃塞俄比亚
mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物
Arabia [E5reibjE] n. 阿拉伯半岛，亚洲西南部的一个半岛。
Eurasia [juE5reiVE] n. 欧亚大陆
anthropologist [7AnWrE5pClEdVist] n. 人类学家
skull [skQl] n. 头骨
highland [5haIlEnd] n. 高地，高原
proboscidean [9prEJbC5sIdIEn] n. 长鼻类
trunk [trQNk] n. 象鼻
horn [hC:n] n. 角
rhinoceros [rai5nCsErEs] n. 犀牛（亦作rhino）
American Heart Association 美国心脏协会
American Cancer Society 美国癌症学会
overweight [5EuvEweit] n. 超重
respiratory [ris5paiErEtEri] adj. 呼吸的
Brigham Young University 伯明翰扬大学
Utah [5ju:tB:] n. 犹他州，美国西部一个州。
swell [swel] v. 肿胀
artery [5B:tEri] n. 动脉
heartbeat [5hB:tbi:t] n. 心跳
soot [sut] n. 媒烟灰
diesel [5di:zEl] n. 柴油机
NASA 美国国家航空航天局
carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
trap [trAp] vt. 捕捉，吸
reflective [ri5flektiv] adj. 沉思的
snowflake [5snEJfleIk] n. 雪花
fine [fain] adj. 细的，细小的
glaciers [5^lAsjE] n. 冰河
ephedra [i5fedrE] n. 麻黄属植物
ephedrine [e5fedrin] n. 麻黄硷，麻黄素
stroke [strEuk] n. 中风
seizure [5si:VE] n. 痉挛，惊厥
Health and Human Services 美国健康和公共事业局
herbal [5hE:bEl] adj. 草药的
dietary [5daiEtEri] adj. 饭食的
supplement [5sQplimEnt] n. 补充
Food and Drug Administration 美国食品医药局
Lesson 24
It could be worse 2?Dò?D??íòDòI entered the hotel manager's office and sat down.
I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset.'
I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.'
The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing.
'Everyone's losing money these days,' he said.
He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk.
It contained &5o.
'I found this outside this gentleman's room' she said.
'Well,' I said to the manager, 'there is still some honesty in this world !
Lesson 24
It could be worse 2?Dò?D??íòDòI entered the hotel manager's office and sat down.
I had just lost &50 and I felt very upset.'
I left the money in my room,' I said, 'and it's not there now.'
The manager was sympathetic, but he could do nothing.
'Everyone's losing money these days,' he said.
He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.
A girl came in and put an envelope on his desk.
It contained &5o.
'I found this outside this gentleman's room' she said.
'Well,' I said to the manager, 'there is still some honesty in this world !
Nobel Prize Speech
(William Faulkner)
Dec. 10, 1950
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work, a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit. Not for glory and least of all, for profit, but to create out of the material of the human spirit something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It would not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it, commensurate for the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and woman, already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among who is already that one who will someday stand here where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There're no longer problems of the spirit, there's only the question; "When will I be blown up?" Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself, which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.
He must learn them again, he must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid, and teaching himself that, forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart. The old universal truths, lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed: love and honor and pity and pride, and compassion and sacrifice.
Until he does so, he labors under a curse. He writes not of love, but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope, and most of all, without pity or compassion. His grief weaves on no universal bone, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart, but of the glands. Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of mall. I decline to accept the end of man. It's easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure, that from the last ding-dong of doom and clang had faded from the last worthless rock hanging tireless in the last red and dying evening, that even then, there will be one more sound, that of his puny and inexhaustible voice still talking. I refuse to accept this, I believe that man will not merely endure, he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion, and sacrifice, and endurance. The poets, the writers' duty is to write about these things, it's his privilege to help man endure, by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage, and honor and hope and compassion and pity and sacrifice, which have been the glory of his past. The poets' voice need not merely be the recall of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.
注释：
[1] dedication
名词：
奉献；忘我精神，献身。
[2] commensurate
形容词：
相称的，相应的，相当的 (to; with)； 能通约的。
[3] acclaim
名词：
〔诗〕喝采，欢呼。
[4] pinnacle
名词：
小尖塔；尖柱；尖端；极点，顶点。
[5] travail
名词：
辛苦，劳苦；苦工；劳动，工作。
[6] tragedy
名词：
悲剧; 惨剧，悲惨事件。
[7] verity
名词：
真实(性)；真实，真理。
[8] ephemeral
形容词：
朝生暮死的；短命的，暂时的。
[9] doom
及物动词：
注定，命定；判决，决定(命运等)。
[10] curse
名词：
诅咒，恶骂，咒语。
[11] lust
名词：
欲望；渴望，热烈追求。
[12] scar
名词：
1. 创伤；伤痕；疤；痕迹；〔比喻〕(精神上或内心的)创伤。
接受诺贝尔奖时的演说
（威廉·福克纲）
1950.12.10
我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人的，而是授予我的工作的---授予我一生从事关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作的。我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此，这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。要做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相符，又与其奖金等价的献词并不难，但我还是想利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些可能听到我说话并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方。
我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，以致我们已经习惯了。现在不存在精神上的问题，唯一的问题是：“我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨？”正因如此，今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突。而这本身就能写好作品。因为这是唯一值得写、值得呕心沥血地去写的题材。
必须重新认识这些问题，必须使自己明白，世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧，必须使自己永远忘却恐惧。在工作室里，除了心底古老的真理之外，任何东西都没有容身之地。没有这古老的普遍真理，任何小说都只能昙花一现，不会成功；这些真理就是爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺牲等感情。若是做不到这样，将是白费气力。写出的爱情不是爱情而是情欲，写出的失败是没有人失去可贵的东西的失败，写出的胜利是没有希望、更糟的是没有怜悯或同情的胜利。写出的悲伤不是为了世上生灵，所以留下不深刻的痕迹。不是在写心灵而是在写器官。
在重新懂得这些之前，写作犹如站在处于世界末日的人类中去观察末日的来临。我不接受人类末日的说法，因人类能延续而说人是不朽的，这很容易。说即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消失的再也没有潮水冲刷的映在落日余晖里的海上最后一块无用礁石之旁时，还会有一个声音，人类微弱的、不断的说话声，这也很容易。但是我不能接受这种说法，我相信人类不仅能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。人类不朽不是因为在万物中唯有他能永远发言、而是因为他有灵魂，有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特权就是去鼓舞人的斗志、使人们记住过去曾经有过的光荣---人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神--以达到永恒。诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是使人类永存并获胜的支柱和栋梁。
Nobel Prize Speech
(William Faulkner)
Dec. 10, 1950
I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my work, a life's work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit. Not for glory and least of all, for profit, but to create out of the material of the human spirit something which did not exist before. So this award is only mine in trust. It would not be difficult to find a dedication for the money part of it, commensurate for the purpose and significance of its origin. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too by using this moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and woman, already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among who is already that one who will someday stand here where I am standing.
Our tragedy today is a general and universal physical fear so long sustained by now that we can even bear it. There're no longer problems of the spirit, there's only the question; "When will I be blown up?" Because of this, the young man or woman writing today has forgotten the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself, which alone can make good writing because only that is worth writing about, worth the agony and the sweat.
He must learn them again, he must teach himself that the basest of all things is to be afraid, and teaching himself that, forget it forever leaving no room in his workshop for anything but the old verities and truths of the heart. The old universal truths, lacking which any story is ephemeral and doomed: love and honor and pity and pride, and compassion and sacrifice.
Until he does so, he labors under a curse. He writes not of love, but of lust, of defeats in which nobody loses anything of value, of victories without hope, and most of all, without pity or compassion. His grief weaves on no universal bone, leaving no scars. He writes not of the heart, but of the glands. Until he relearns these things, he will write as though he stood among and watched the end of mall. I decline to accept the end of man. It's easy enough to say that man is immortal simply because he will endure, that from the last ding-dong of doom and clang had faded from the last worthless rock hanging tireless in the last red and dying evening, that even then, there will be one more sound, that of his puny and inexhaustible voice still talking. I refuse to accept this, I believe that man will not merely endure, he will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of compassion, and sacrifice, and endurance. The poets, the writers' duty is to write about these things, it's his privilege to help man endure, by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage, and honor and hope and compassion and pity and sacrifice, which have been the glory of his past. The poets' voice need not merely be the recall of man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and prevail.
注释：
[1] dedication
名词：
奉献；忘我精神，献身。
[2] commensurate
形容词：
相称的，相应的，相当的 (to; with)； 能通约的。
[3] acclaim
名词：
〔诗〕喝采，欢呼。
[4] pinnacle
名词：
小尖塔；尖柱；尖端；极点，顶点。
[5] travail
名词：
辛苦，劳苦；苦工；劳动，工作。
[6] tragedy
名词：
悲剧; 惨剧，悲惨事件。
[7] verity
名词：
真实(性)；真实，真理。
[8] ephemeral
形容词：
朝生暮死的；短命的，暂时的。
[9] doom
及物动词：
注定，命定；判决，决定(命运等)。
[10] curse
名词：
诅咒，恶骂，咒语。
[11] lust
名词：
欲望；渴望，热烈追求。
[12] scar
名词：
1. 创伤；伤痕；疤；痕迹；〔比喻〕(精神上或内心的)创伤。
接受诺贝尔奖时的演说
（威廉·福克纲）
1950.12.10
我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人的，而是授予我的工作的---授予我一生从事关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作的。我从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此，这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。要做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相符，又与其奖金等价的献词并不难，但我还是想利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些可能听到我说话并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们中肯定有人有一天也会站到我现在站着的地方。
我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，以致我们已经习惯了。现在不存在精神上的问题，唯一的问题是：“我什么时候会被炸得粉身碎骨？”正因如此，今天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人类内心的冲突。而这本身就能写好作品。因为这是唯一值得写、值得呕心沥血地去写的题材。
必须重新认识这些问题，必须使自己明白，世间最可鄙的事情莫过于恐惧，必须使自己永远忘却恐惧。在工作室里，除了心底古老的真理之外，任何东西都没有容身之地。没有这古老的普遍真理，任何小说都只能昙花一现，不会成功；这些真理就是爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺牲等感情。若是做不到这样，将是白费气力。写出的爱情不是爱情而是情欲，写出的失败是没有人失去可贵的东西的失败，写出的胜利是没有希望、更糟的是没有怜悯或同情的胜利。写出的悲伤不是为了世上生灵，所以留下不深刻的痕迹。不是在写心灵而是在写器官。
在重新懂得这些之前，写作犹如站在处于世界末日的人类中去观察末日的来临。我不接受人类末日的说法，因人类能延续而说人是不朽的，这很容易。说即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消失的再也没有潮水冲刷的映在落日余晖里的海上最后一块无用礁石之旁时，还会有一个声音，人类微弱的、不断的说话声，这也很容易。但是我不能接受这种说法，我相信人类不仅能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。人类不朽不是因为在万物中唯有他能永远发言、而是因为他有灵魂，有同情心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。诗人和作家的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作家的特权就是去鼓舞人的斗志、使人们记住过去曾经有过的光荣---人类曾有过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、怜悯与牺牲精神--以达到永恒。诗人的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是使人类永存并获胜的支柱和栋梁。
Lesson Thirteen Family 家庭生活
How many people are there in your family?
你们家几口人？
How many members are there in your family?
How big is your family?
There are four people in my family.
My father, my mother, my sister and me.
father mother
dad mom
daddy mommy
parent parents
I am married but haven’t started a family.
child children kid
son daughter
How many people are there in your family?
你们家几口人？
brother elder brother younger brother
sister elder sister younger sister
There are five kids in my family.
eldest brother eldest sister
I’m the second child.
my younger sister my younger broter
youngest brother
He is the youngest child in our famiy.
Rick is an only child.
Rick是独生子。
Rick is the only child in the family.
I’m an only child.
I’ve got two sisters and one brother.
我有两个姐妹和一个兄弟。
sisters and brothers siblings 兄弟姐妹
Do you have any siblings?
Do you have sibs?
grandfather grandpa
grandmother grandma
uncle aunt aunty
cousin nephew niece
better half sister-in-law brother-in-law
mother-in-law
Her great-grandpa is still living.
她老爷爷还活着呢。
My grandmother is still living.
grandson great-grandson
granddaughter great-granddaughter
four generations living under the same roof 四世同堂
Sam and Tony are twins.
Sam和Tony是双胞胎。
Richard comes from a well-off family.
Richard家境不错。
We are living a better-off life.
They would live a better-off life without so many kids.
well-off 小康
build China into a well-off society
He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.
Richard comes from an ordinary family.
He was born in a moderate family.
He comes from in a moderate family.
Abe came from a poor family.
He was born with a wood spoon in his mouth.
I have a close family. We love each other.
我们家重亲情，大家感情很好。
Our family is close.
His parents always quarrel with each other.
他父母经常吵嘴。
quarrel with sb over sth = argue with sb over sth.
We can’t get on well with each other.
We can’t get along well with each other.
My father is a pilot and he is very strict with us.
我父亲是飞行员，对我们很严厉。
a sterning father 严父
a loving mother 慈母
My mother is very soft with us.
My father is very hard on us.
My parents grew up in the countryside.
我爸爸妈妈在农村长大。
in the city
on the suburbs
You are a grown-up.
We moved to the city when I was just five.
我五岁时全家搬到了城里。
My family lives in the coutryside.
My family lives in the city.
My family lives on the suburbs.
My father is the bread earner.
我父亲挣钱养家。
father
mother
minor children
The mother is usually the homemaker.
Robin was brought up in a single-parent household.
Robin家是单亲。
He was raised in the single-parent family.
There are more and more DINK families in big cities.
大城市里“丁克”家庭越来越多。
DINK = double income and no kids
What do your parents do?
你父母是做什么工作的？
纯美语 布什聚焦在反恐和经济
Bush Focuses on Terrorism, Economy
“We’ll prevail(1) in the war and we will defeat this recession(2). ”President Bush hopes that his popularity(3) will help him convince(4) Americans to be as he put it, “Steadfast(5), patient and persistent(6)”in disrupting(7) terrorists’plans. “The United States of America will not permit the world’s most dangerous regimes【政权】, to threaten us with the world most destructive(8) weapons.” Mr. Bush cited Iran, Iraq and North Korea. Winning the war on terrorism is a top priority(9) in the year ahead, said the president. And so is improving homeland security.
“Our war on terror is well begun, but it’s only begun. This campaign may not be finished on our watch, yet it must be and it will be waged【从事，进行】 on our watch.” Mr. Bush is also being pressed to improve the economy to end the recession.
“When America works America prospers(10), so my economic security plan can be summed up in one word ‘Jobs’.”
While the president did not mention Enron by name he urge Congress to find ways to better protect peoples pensions【津贴】their 401K plans and to require that corporations make public their financial dealings【交易】and status【状况】.
In general, Democrats agree on the presidents goals but they differ on how to improve the economy. “Our values call for helping the unemployed, not just large corporations and the most fortunate.” While they clearly have their differences, Democrats and Republicans are pledging(11) to work together, to win the war on terrorism, to beef up homeland security and to make all Americans more financially secure.
听音瓶颈词汇
1. prevail [pri5veil]v.战胜；盛行
2. recession [ri5seFEn]n.衰退；不景气
3. popularity[7pCpju5lAriti]n.声望
4. convince [kEn5vins]v.使信服
5. steadfast[5stedfEst]adj.坚定的
6. persistent [pE5sistEnt]adj.坚持的；执著的
7. disrupt [dis5rQpt]v.瓦解；破坏
8. destructive [dis5trQktiv]adj.破坏性的
9. priority [prai5Criti]n.优先权；重点
10. prosper [5prCspE]v.繁荣；昌盛
11. pledge [pledV]v.保证；发誓
听音高级短语
sum up 总结
in general 总之；一般来说
agree on 同意
beef up 加强
听音超级句型
…is a top priority in the year ahead.
…是来年的头等大事。
…agree on... but they differ on ..
…在…达成一致，但他们在…产生分歧。
国际货币基金关于美国财政政策的报告
IMF Report on American Financial Policy
By Caty Weaver
This is Bob Doughty with the VOA Special English Economics Report.
A new report warns that the rising United States budget deficit and trade imbalance threaten world economic security and growth. The International Monetary Fund released the report last week. The Bush administration says tax cuts have helped economic recovery, and deficit cuts are planned.
Charles Collyns was among several I-M-F officials who researched and wrote the report. Mister Collyns notes that the federal financial balance has changed in the last few years. He says the two-thousand budget year had a surplus of two-and-one-half percent of the gross domestic product. That is the total value of goods and services produced in the country. But in fiscal year two-thousand-three the budget had a deficit of almost four percent of the gross domestic product.
Mister Collyns says additional spending gave immediate and much needed support to the American economy. But he says there are long-term problems if large federal deficits continue. The I-M-F team says budget estimates show large deficits for the next ten fiscal years.
The report says these deficits would lead the United States to borrow more money. It says foreign debt could equal forty percent of the economy in a few years. This would be a record level for a large industrial nation.
The I-M-F says growing debt and increased borrowing may force international loan rates to rise. It says this would restrain private investment, especially in the purchase of government bonds. Mister Collyns says this process is already happening. He says it is partly to blame for the fall in the value of the American dollar during the last year.
The I-M-F experts say the result in the end is lower worldwide productivity（此处声音缺失） and earnings growth. The report says the American government must raise taxes and limit spending to avoid this.
Administration officials noted that President Bush has already said he will work to reduce the deficit by half during the next five years.
Mister Bush spoke about the economy in his weekly radio message last Saturday. He said business investment has increased and the unemployment rate is falling. He said American stock market wealth increased in the past year. And he again called on Congress to make his tax cuts for Americans permanent.
This VOA Special English Economics Report was written by Caty Weaver. This is Bob Doughty.
注释：
budget [5bQdVit] n. 预算
deficit [5defisit] n. 赤字
International Monetary Fund国际货币基金会，缩写为IMF。
cut [kQt] n. 削减
surplus [5sE:plEs] n. 过剩
gross domestic product 国内生产总值，缩写为GDP。
fiscal [5fiskEl] adj. 财政的
loan [lEun] n. （借出的）贷款
rate [reit] n. 比率
restrain [ris5trein] vt. 限制
bond [bCnd] n. 债券
productivity [7prCdQk5tiviti] n. 生产力
unemployment [5Qnim5plCimEnt] n. 失业
布什和克里在关键州的战役
Bush and Kerry Campaign in Key States
By Paula Wolfson
President Bush and Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry are campaigning hard in states where the race for the White House is close, focusing both on Iraq and key domestic issues. Mr. Bush spent Wednesday courting votes in Pennsylvania, while Senator Kerry concentrated on Florida.
They devoted most of their remarks on the road to matters like providing better schools for the nation's children and covering the cost of health care for the elderly. But Iraq continues to hang over both campaigns. It is the issue that will not go away.
In a Philadelphia suburb, the president interrupted a discussion of education policy to talk about Iraq's place in the war on terrorism. He said John Kerry is a pessimist who does not believe freedom can take root in Iraqi soil.
"You cannot expect the Iraqi people to stand up and do the hard work of democracy if you are pessimistic about their ability to govern themselves," said Mr. Bush.
In an unusual move, Vice President Dick Cheney went before reporters in the halls of the U.S. Congress and read a statement re-enforcing that message.
"The choice the American people will make on November 2 is whether we will continue with the tough, aggressive and effective policies of this administration, or revert back to the pre-9/ll mindset by electing someone whose views on these issues are marked by indecision, confusion and contradiction," said Mr. Cheney.
Senator Kerry responded during a meeting with voters in West Palm Beach, Florida.
"Today, the president made some comments on Iraq. Once again, he is avoiding the truth and the reality of what is happening. I am an optimist about what could be achieved there. I am an optimist about what our young men and women deserve. They are the best fighting forces in the world."
He called the president stubborn and ideological and said the Bush administration is not being totally honest about both the war and its handling of the nation's biggest domestic problems.
Senator Kerry made specific mention of the massive government programs that help the elderly by providing retirement benefits and health care subsidies. Florida, which played a crucial role in the 2000 election, has a large population of senior citizens.
It is also the site of the first debate between the Republican and Democratic presidential candidates. The session, which will center on foreign policy, will take place next Thursday in Miami.
Paula Wolfson, VOA News, at the White House.
注释：
nominee 被提名者
pessimist 悲观主义者
indecision 优柔寡断
stubborn 顽固的
retirement benefit 退休金
subsidy 补助金
Miami 迈阿密
(Harry S. Truman)
Mar. 12, 1947.
Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, members of the Congress of the United States:
The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a grand session of the Congress. The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved. One aspect of the present situation which I present to you at this time for your consideration and decision concerns Greece and Turkey
The United States has received from the Greek government an urgent appeal for financial and economic assistance. Preliminary report from the American Economic Mission now in Greece, and reports from the American ambassador in Greece, collaborate the statement of the Greek government that assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation. I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek government.
Greece is not a rich country Lack of sufficient natural resources has always forced the Greek people to work hard to make both ends meet. Since 194O, this industrious, peace-loving country has suffered invasion, four years of cruel, enemy-occupation, and bitter internal strife. When forces of Liberation entered Greece, they found that the retreating Germans had destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine. More than a thousand villages had been burned, eighty-five percent of the children were tuberculate, livestock, poultry and drab animals had almost disappeared. Inflation had wiped out practicalIy all savings. As a result of these tragic conditions, a militant minority exploiting human mores and misery was able to create political chaos which until now has made economic recovery impossible. Greece is today without funds to finance the importation of those goods that are essential to bare subsistence. Under these circumstances, the people of Greece cannot make progress in solving their problems of reconstruction. Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel, and seeds. These are indispensable for the subsistence of its people and are obtainable only from abroad. Greece must have help to import the goods necessary to restore internal order and security so essential for economic and political recovery.
The Greek government has also asked for the assistance of experienced American administrators, economists, and technicians, to ensure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self-sustaining economy and in improving its public administration.
注释：
[1] involve vt.
连累，使陷入，使卷入(漩涡)；涉及。
[2] imperative adj.
不可避免的，迫切的，紧急的。
[3] industrious adj.
勤恳的，刻苦的。
[4] strife n.
竞争，倾轧，吵架，斗争，战争。
internal strife ：内讧。
[5] virtually adv.
实际上，实质上，事实上。
[6] tuberculate adj.
(植)长有小瘤的, [医]结核性的
[7] livestock n.
家畜, 牲畜
[8] poultry n.
〔集合词〕家禽〔鸡、火鸡、鹅、鸭等〕 (opp. game); 鸡类。
[9] tragic adj.
悲剧的；悲剧性的，悲惨的。
[10] militant adj.
斗志昂扬的，富于战斗性的，好战的。
[11] chaos n.
混乱。
[12] subsistence n.
生计；生活费；口粮；给养。
[13] desperate adj.
悲观失望的，穷途末路的，无可救药的。
[14] indispensable
adj.
不可缺少的，必需的，重要的 (to; for)。
杜 鲁门 主 义
（哈里·杜鲁门）
1947.3.12
总统先生、议长先生、各位美国国会议员：
当今世界面临的严峻形势，使我必须出席国会的例会。我们的外交政策和国家安全都已面临考验，我此次呈给各位考虑和决定的当前形势的报告的一方面涉及到希腊和土耳其。
美国最近收到希腊政府要求财政和经济援助的紧急请求。现在仍在希腊的美国经济代表团的报告，以及美国驻希腊大使的报告，都证明了希腊请求援助的迫切性，否则希腊将不再以自由国家的身份存在。我相信美国人民和国会是绝不会对他们的请求置若罔闻的。
希腊不是一个富裕的国家。由于自然资源匮乏，迫使希腊人民辛勤劳动方能勉强度日。1940年以来，这个勤勉刻苦、热爱和平的国家饱受外敌入侵之苦，及内乱纷起之灾长达四年。当解放大军进入希腊后，发现溃退的德军实际上已经毁坏了所有的铁路、公路、港口设施、通讯和商船。一千多个村庄被烧毁，85%的儿童染有结核病，禽畜几近灭绝，通货膨胀极其严重。一个好战的少数党利用传统的习俗和人民的不幸，制造政治动乱，因而直到现在，希腊的经济仍无法复苏。今天的希腊，已没有能力支付进口生活必需品的资金，希腊人民对重建家园一筹莫展。希腊的存亡系于一发，无论如何都要寻求财政和经济援助，以继续购买食品、衣物、燃料和种子。这些东西是人民生活必不可少的，而且必须靠从外国进口。只有在别国的帮助下得到这些必需品，希腊才能重整社会秩序和公共安全，才能复苏经济，恢复政治。
希腊政府还请求得到有经验的美国行政管理人员、经济学家和技术人员的援助，以保证得到的财政和其它援助在建立稳定的、独立的经济体系，改进公共管理时得到有效的利用。
US Presidential Campaigns Seek Support in Swing State of Oregon
By Mike O'Sullivan
The U.S. presidential campaign is heating up in a number of so-called battleground states, where the election outcome remains too close to call. The northwestern state of Oregon is one of these battleground states, and it is getting a lot of attention from the political parties.
Robert Eisinger, the head of the political science department at Lewis and Clark College, says Oregon is much like other battleground states, where either candidate could come out a winner.
"You see in many ways two states here, a remarkably rural, conservative state, and an urban, liberal state. And when you mix it together, you find that Oregon becomes a battleground state with regard to presidential politics."
Democrat Al Gore won here in 2000 by less than 7,000 votes. Some polls give Democrat John Kerry the edge this year, but Republicans cite other polls that put President Bush ahead. At Republican headquarters in Salem, south of Portland, volunteers are manning the phone banks.
"Hi, my name is Nick and I'm a local volunteer calling on behalf of President Bush," one volunteer says. "The president's tax relief packages have helped revive our economy. Over 1.5 million new jobs have been created in the past 10 months…"
Wayne Brady coordinates the volunteers who spread the Republican message, including 16-year-old Nick Gower, several retirees and local grandmothers. He says they are calling voters to identify Bush supporters, and will follow up later to make sure they cast their ballots.
"Because I think it's extremely important to get President Bush reelected. I'm concerned about the war on terror, and I think the president is the best person to do that job."
Dave Jackson, a Vietnam veteran, also thinks security is the big issue in this election. He came here a week ago to pick up a sign for his front lawn supporting President Bush, and has been working as a volunteer days and evenings since then.
"I'm recruiting volunteers and then at nights, we're calling people with short surveys," he says.
The surveys deal with issues like national security and taxes, which Republicans say rank high with the president's likely supporters.
An hour by car from Salem, close to downtown Portland, other volunteers are making phone calls and entering data on computers in support of John Kerry.
Volunteer Dave Engels of Woodburn, Oregon, accuses President Bush of making "a mess of the world" and the U.S. economy. Mr. Engels who suffers from a neurological illness, is also opposed to Mr. Bush because of the president's position on a controversial type of medical research. "I have Parkinson's disease, and he's sitting on the funding for stem cell research," he says.
President Bush opposes federal funding for medical research using embryonic stem cells, citing moral concerns over the destruction of human embryos. Supporters of the research, including Senator Kerry, say it offers hope to people with degenerative conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
Some voters are motivated largely by single issues. A number of liberal voters want to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples, sparking an issue that has rallied conservatives. Many Republicans are backing an Oregon ballot measure to restrict marriage to a man and woman.
Mr. Bush opposes gay marriage. Mr. Kerry says he also opposes it, but is considered sympathetic to gay rights issues. Both sides hope the Oregon measure will motivate their supporters to vote.
For many the state, where unemployment is high, the economy is the key issue. Dee Craig-Arnold, also a volunteer for the Kerry campaign, says she wants a candidate who will create opportunities for African Americans like her.
"I think it's so important for all of us to be involved in the political process, and particularly now, when I believe that our country's in jeopardy. And I have a grandson that I raise, and I want his life to be better."
Kevin Mannix, chairman of Oregon's Republicans, says people seeking opportunities are more often drawn to the Republican party. He says the party is reaching out to entrepreneurs and immigrants, and those who share the Republican view that excessive regulation is hurting regional industries like timber.
The party is targeting voters in the suburbs and rural areas, while maintaining the morale of Republicans in Democratic enclaves. He says Oregon is like a lake with several islands.
"And the lake is generally the rural and suburban areas, which tend to be Republican, and the islands are the Eugene and Portland communities, which tend to be Democratic. And the water is rising in this lake."
The third party candidacy of independent presidential candidate Ralph Nader might have buoyed Republican fortunes. Mr. Nader is an environmentalist and critic of big business, and while his impact is debated, he draws many liberal votes that would otherwise go to Senator Kerry. Running on the Green Party ticket four years ago, he drew five percent of Oregon's presidential vote.
This year, however, a Democratic state official invalidated some petition signatures from Mr. Nader's supporters, keeping his name off the ballot in Oregon. A lower court reversed the action, but the Oregon supreme court reinstated it. Mr. Nader will run in Oregon as a write-in candidate.
The action has infuriated Nader sympathizers, who accuse Oregon Democrats of "dirty tricks." It has also upset Republicans, who now face a more unified opposition. Mr. Mannix says, however, it won't make too much difference because many Naderites are backing Senator Kerry this time around.
The Nader campaign is appealing the ruling to the U.S. Supreme Court, but spokesman Greg Kafoury admits that Mr. Nader faces an uphill battle.
"He is loved and respected by vast numbers of people, a rather small percentage of whom will vote for him. Many of the rest are consumed by fear of George Bush and so they've adopted this 'anybody but Bush' mantra."
Paige Richardson, Oregon director for the Kerry campaign, says this presidential election may be as close as the election in 2000, which was decided on the basis of barely 500 votes in Florida. She says battleground states like Oregon really matter.
"As the elections are becoming closer and decided by smaller and smaller margins nationally, every state matters. States with fewer electoral votes are on the radar screen this time, and Oregon certainly is because neither party wins without Oregon's seven votes."
That may an overstatement, but Oregon's seven electoral votes are a coveted prize this year. A candidate needs 270 electoral votes to win the presidency, and barring a shift in public opinion, only a handful of states are still in play.
The vote in Oregon is now conducted entirely by mail, so the polling will start in mid-October. Results should be announced late on election day, November 2.
Mike O'Sullivan, VOA News, Portland, Oregan.
注释：
remarkably 非常地，显著地
conservative 保守的
Oregon 俄勒冈州
Salem 塞伦
revive 复兴
cast 投
ballot 选票
Vietnam 越南
veteran 老兵
neurological 神经上的
embryonic 胚胎的
stem cells 干细胞
degenerative 退化的，变质的
Alzheimer's disease 阿滋海默症，即老年痴呆症
sympathetic 赞成的
entrepreneur 企业家
timber 木材
infuriate 激怒
dirty trick 卑鄙的行为
mantra 颂歌，说法
overstatement 大话
时间:2005-07-18 人气：79
原始地址：http://reading.english61.com/3203/showArticle_1056.htm
Three Passions I have Lived For
贝特兰·罗素
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy—ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what—at last—I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine…A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
吾生三愿，纯朴却激越：一曰渴望爱情，二曰求索知识，三曰悲悯吾类之无尽苦难。此三愿，如疾风，迫吾无助飘零于苦水深海之上，直达绝望之彼岸。
吾求爱，盖因其赐吾狂喜——狂喜之剧足令吾舍此生而享其片刻；吾求爱，亦因其可驱寂寞之感，吾人每生寂寞之情辄兢兢俯视天地之缘，而见绝望之无底深渊；吾求爱还因若得爱，即可窥视圣哲诗人所见之神秘天国。此吾生之所求，虽虑其之至美而恐终不为凡人所得，亦可谓吾之所得也。
吾求知亦怀斯激情。吾愿闻人之所思，亦愿知星之何以闪光……吾仅得此而已，无他。
爱与知并力，几携吾入天国之门，然终为悲悯之心拖拽未果。痛苦之吟常萦绕吾心：受饥饿之婴，遭压迫之民，为儿女遗弃之无助老叟，加之天下之孤寂、贫穷、苦痛，具令吾类之生难以卒睹。吾愿穷毕生之力释之，然终不能遂愿，因亦悲极。
吾生若此而已，然吾颇感未枉此生；若得天允，当乐而重为之。
Lesson Fourteen Date 日期
when who whose where what how
date n.日期，约会
have a date with sb.
date n.枣
Chinese date
What day is it today?
今天星期几？
What day is it tomorrow?
What day is 28th of December?
It is Monday.
星期一。
Monday = Mon.
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
What is the date today?
今天几号？
Today is October 31, 2002.
今天2002年10月31号。
Today is October 31st, 2004.
Today is 31 of October, 2004.
January February March April
May June July August
September October November December
31 thirty first
2002 two thousand and two
Beijing is going to host 2008 Olympic Games.
1980 nineteen eighty
HongKong returned to the embrace of China in 1997.
What is the date of next Sunday?
Next Sunday is October 31.
When were you born?
你什么时候出生的？
I was born on October 1st, 1981.
我生于1981年10月1日。
Halloween starts on the evening of October 31st.
万圣节从10月31号晚上开始。
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
at noon
at midnight
I took a trip to Hong Kong in 1980.
我1980年去了趟香港。
I took a vacation in May.
I was born in the 1980s.
In what month will the meeting be held?
大会在哪个月召开？
It will be held in the latter half of June.
在六月下旬召开。
in the first half of June
in the middle of June
We had an examination in the middle of June.
in the early years of 1980s
in mid-1980s
in the later years of 1980s
The American Day of Independence is on July 4th.
美国独立日是7月4日。
National Day holiday 国庆节
Day of Independence
Independence Day 独立日
The National Day is Octorber 1st.
The Children’s Day is June 1st.
复活节 the Easter
复活节彩蛋 the Easter egg
总统纪念日 the Presidents’ Day
马丁路德纪念日 Martin Luther King Day
阵亡将士纪念日 Memorial Day
劳动节 Labor Day
退伍军人节 Veterans Day
圣诞节 Christmas Day
元旦 New Year’s Day
感恩节 Thanksgiving Day
感恩节大餐 the Thanksgiving feast 火鸡 turkey
情人节 Valentine's Day
万圣节 Halloween
父亲节 Father’s Day
母亲节 Mother’s day
The Spring Festival is the first day of the first month in the lunar year.
春节是阴历正月初一。
阳历 solar calendar
阴历 lunar calendar
元宵节 the Lantern Festival the fifteenth day of the first
month in the lunar year
端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival the fifth day of the fifth
month in the lunar year
中秋节 The Mid-autumn Festival is the fifteenth day of the
eighth month in the lunar year.
元旦 New Year's Day 劳动节 the Labor Day
国庆节 the National Day 生日 birthday
周年纪念 anniversary
50 years wedding anniversary
星座 zodiac 水瓶座 Aquarius 狮子座 Leo
属相 animal zodiac
mouse ox tiger rabbit
dragon snake horse sheep
monkey rooster dog pig
My animal zodiac is pig.
My animal sign is pig.
http://www.cha168.com/yyxx.htm
HIV洗辱行动
HIV Stigma Toolkit
By Jill Moss
This is Robert Cohen with the VOA Special English Development Report.
People living with AIDS and the virus that causes it suffer not only from the disease, but also from the stigma linked to AIDS. Stigma means any bad thoughts or acts toward another person that are not based on facts. People have stigmas about H-I-V and AIDS- infected patients for many reasons. The disease is connected to blood, sickness and death. H-I-V is often caused by actions that are not accepted by many religions and communities. These include sexual activities between men and the injection of illegal drugs. Also, people are afraid they will get the virus from being near people who have HIV or AIDS.
Experts have created special programs, campaigns and education tools to stop the stigmatization of people with AIDS.
One group, called the Change Project, has developed teaching information for people at the local level fighting the disease. It is called a "Toolkit for Action."
The toolkit includes fifty-seven teaching exercises that community groups and educators can use to help improve people's knowledge of the disease. The goal is to help people understand stigma, why it is an important issue, what causes stigma, and ways to end the stigmatization of AIDS patients.
The toolkit uses several training methods and materials. For example, many activities involve group discussions and the sharing of ideas, fears and personal experiences. Other activities require people to present information or act out stories in front of other people. There are even exercises that use pictures and songs.
The toolkit has exercises that deal with stigma in different ways. There are activities that teach about caring for HIV-AIDS patients in the family. Other activities teach about stigma faced by children. There are also exercises to teach people about sex, morality and dishonor.
The Change Project created the toolkit with the help of the Academy for Educational Development and the United States Agency for International Development.
It was developed from a three-country research project.
AIDS activists from more than fifty non-governmental organizations in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zambia helped write the exercises.
You can get the toolkit from the Change Project's Internet Web site. That address is changeproject.org. Changeproject is all one word.
This VOA Special English Development Report was written by Jill Moss.
注释：
stigma [5stI^mE] n. 耻辱（的烙印）
AIDS获得性免疫缺损综合症 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
H-I-V abbr. <医> Human Immunodeficiency Virus，人体免疫缺乏症病毒
injection [in5dVekFEn] n. 注射
stigmatization [5sti^mEtaizeiFEn] n. 烙印
toolkit 工具包，工具箱
Academy for Educational Development 教育发展协会
United States Agency for International Development 美国国际发展局
Ethiopia [7i:Wi5EupjE] n. 埃塞俄比亚
Tanzania [7tAnzE5ni:E] n. 坦桑尼亚，非洲中东部一国家。
Zambia [5zAmbiE] n. 赞比亚，非洲中南部一国家。
Winston Churchill：
The Russian danger is therefore our danger and the danger of the United States. Just as the cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free people in every quarter of the globe. Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us re-double our exertion and strike with united strength while life and power remain.
世界名人演讲精选
温斯顿.邱吉尔－温斯顿.邱吉尔
注释：
exertion n.尽力, 努力, 发挥, 行使, 运用
因此，俄国的危险就是我国的危险，就是美国的危险。为保卫自己的家园而战的俄国人民的事业，就是世界各地自由的人民和自由的民族的事业。让我们从如此残酷的经历中吸取教训吧！趁此生命和力量尚存之际，让我们加倍努力，团结奋战吧！
Lesson 28
No parking ???1í￡3μJasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.
He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with motorists.
when he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate.
Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once.
Jasper has put up' No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect.
Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate.
It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen.
I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon.
Jasper hopes that she will turn motorists to stone.
But none of them has been turned to stone yet!
Lesson 29
Taxi!
3?×a??3μ￡?Captain Ben Fawcett has bought an unusual taxi and has begun a new service.
The 'taxi' is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'.
This wonderful plane can carry seven passengers.
The most surprising thing about it, however, is that it can land anywhere: on snow, water, or even on a ploughed field.
Captain Fawcett's first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.
Since then, Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
Once he landed on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in a deserted car park.
Captain Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman.
The man wanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but Captain Fawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.
Lesson Sixteen Asking For Help 请求帮助
Will you please do me a favor?
帮我个忙好吗？
Excuse me, can you help me?
Can you do me a favor?
Will you give me a hand?
Will you lend me a hand?
help v. 救命
Help!
help with sth
My sister helps with my study.
help sb do sth 直接帮助
He helps me open the door.
help sb to do sth 间接帮助
Reading a book helps me to improve my personality.
help sb out
Please help me out.
Sure.
Of course.
Certainly.
No problem.
All right.
Yes.
You bet.
What’s up?
What’s wrong?
What’s going on?
Would you please pick up the cassette tapes?
请帮我拾起磁带好吗？
pick up
pick up a wallet from the ground
pick up a flower
I’ll pick you up.
When I was on the tour trip, I picked up a cold.
You picked up French.
I picked up how to use the digital camera.
pick up driving
video cassette tape 录像带
Will you please help me pick up the bunch of keys?
Will you help me pick up the disk?
I want you to download this file from the Internet.
我想请你帮我把这个文件从因特网上下载下来。
Will you please help me download this file from the Internet?
upload 上传
Would you mind if I use your computer this evening?
你介意我今天晚上用一下你的电脑吗？
Would you mind doing sth for me?
Would you mind attending a meeating on my behalf?
Would you mind if I use your telephone?
No way.
Forget it.
I’d be glad to, but...
Sorry, could you wait a minute? I am tied up now.
对不起，您能等一分钟吗？我现在很忙。
Excuse me, will you spare me a minute?
Could you wait a moment?
Please don’t bother me. Can’t you see I am busy?
请不要打搅我。你没看见我正忙着么？
Well, it depends.
Excuse me, will you lend me your car this evening?
Well, it depends. If I won’t go shopping, it’s ok.
Would you please pick up the cassette tapes?
请帮我拾起磁带好吗？
Here’s the cassette tape. Will that do?
给你磁带。可以了吗？
I owe you one.
我欠你一个人情。
Thank you. Thanks a lot.
Thanks a million. Thanks a billion.
indebted
I’m really indebted to you.
grateful
I’m realy grateful.
I really appreciated your help.
Thank you anyway.
repay
I really hope that one day I can repay you.
Please let me know if there is anything I can help.
Wouldn’t you copy the contract?
把合同复印一下。
Will you help me copy the contract?
Will you help me fax this document?
Will you help me print this file?
Will you help me answer the call?
Will you help me answer the phone?
Will you help me arrange a meeting with Mr. Lee?
God will help those who help themselves.
on Arab TV
By Laurie Kassman
Four days before the U.S. presidential election al-Qaida leader Osama bin Laden has threatened new attacks on the United States. He appeared in a video broadcast on the Arab TV network Al Jazeera claiming responsibility for the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York.
A gaunt-looking Osama bin Laden appears in the video, standing at a podium and dressed in a small white turban and traditional white robe and beige cloak.
In what he calls a message to the American people, he threatens new attacks on the United States unless its policies change.
At a campaign stop in Ohio, President Bush says the United States will not be intimidated. "I also want to say to the American people that we're at war with these terrorists, and I am confident that we will prevail."
White House spokesman Scott McClellan says U.S. officials believe the tape is authentic and was made recently. Analysts are checking it for information that could warrant action. For now, Mr. McClellan says there is no plan to raise the national security threat level.
Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry told a TV station in Florida that Americans are united against terrorism. "My reaction is that all of us in this country are completely united. Democrat, Republican, there is no such thing. There's just Americans and we are all united in hunting down and capturing or killing those who conducted that raid. We always knew it was Osama bin Laden."
Speaking in a calm but strong voice, the terrorist leader referred to next week's U.S. election, telling Americans their security does not depend on President Bush or Democratic candidate John Kerry or al-Qaida, but will depend on government policies.
Bin Laden says al-Qaida decided, in his words, to destroy New Yorks' World Trade towers in 2001 and listed several factors that motivated the attack, including frustration over what he called America's pro-Israeli Middle East policies. And he says Israel's bombing attacks on Beirut in 1982 gave him the idea of targeting New York's skyscrapers.
Still, the al-Qaida chief ends the speech saying "if a nation does not attack us, we will not attack them."
The Arab TV network Al Jazeera, which broadcast the video, does not say how it obtained the 18-minute tape. Al Jazeera has broadcast other video and audio messages from al-Qaida in the past.
This is the first video of Osama bin Laden in more than a year.
Laurie Kassman, VOA news, Washington.
注释：
gaunt 憔悴的
turban 穆斯林的头巾
robe 长袍
beige 米色的
intimidate 胆怯的
authentic 可信的
warrant 根据，证明
obtain 获得
son of bitch！
玛格丽特.撒切尔
“Age 10, I was the proud winner of a prize at the Grantham Eisteddfod for reciting Poetry. In the first years of the war I would go out as part of a concert party to the surrounding villages, and recite from my Oxford Book of English Verse. A book which even now, is never far from reach. Methodism itself, of course, has in the form of the Wesley hymns, some really fine religious poetry. It was, I confess, the musical side of Methodism which I liked best. Our church had an exceptionally good choir. Every other year we would perform an oratorio: Handel ’s Messiah, Haydn’s Creation or Mendelssohn’s Elijah. We were a musical family. From the age of five my parents had me learn the piano. My mother played too. Sadly, at sixteen, I found it necessary to stop music lessons when I was cramming for my university entrance. And I still regret that I never took up the piano again.
Perhaps the biggest excitement of my early years was a visit to London when I was twelve years old. I came down by train in the charge of a friend of my mother’s. Arriving at Kings’ cross where I was met by Reverend Skinner and his wife, family friends, who were going to look after me. The first impact of London was overwhelming. Kings’ Cross itself was a giant bustling cavern. The rest of the city had all the dazzle of a commercial and imperial capital. For the first time in my life I saw people from foreign countries. Some in the traditional native dress of India and Africa. The sheer volume of traffic and of pedestrians was exhilarating. They seemed to generate a sort of electricity. London’s buildings were impressive for another reason; begrimed with soot, they had a dark imposing magnificence which constantly reminded me that I was at the center of the world. I was taken by the Skinner’s to all the usual sites. I fed the pigeons in Trafalgar Square. I rode the Underground, a slightly forbidding experience for a child. I visited the zoo where I rode on an elephant and recoiled from the reptiles: an early portent of my relations with Fleet street. And I went to look at Downing Street. But unlike the young Harold Wilson, I did not have the prescience to have my photograph taken outside No. 10.”
注释：Grantham Eisteddfod：Grantham(格兰萨姆)是英格兰的一个小镇，撒切尔夫人在那里长大，并在那里读初级学校：
Eisteddfod（艾斯特得福特）是一项传统的竞赛，主要内容有威尔士民族舞蹈歌咏和表演。
Verse：诗歌 hymn：圣歌，赞美诗 choir：唱诗班 oratorio 名词： 圣乐(歌曲)；(以基督教《圣经》故事为主题的)清唱剧。
cram：塞满，填满
Overwhelming：压倒优势的，这里指极为深刻的 bustling：喧闹的，繁忙的
pedestrian
形容词
步行者，徒步旅行者。
exhilarating：使人高兴的，令人振奋的 portent：预兆
Prescience：预感
中文对照
“10岁时，我已是格兰萨姆艾斯特得福特朗诵大赛获奖者中的佼佼者。第一次世界大战头一年，我随歌舞表演会到周围各村庄去朗诵牛津课本中的英语诗歌。即使是现在，那本书也并非遥不可及。诗文本身是韦斯利圣诗形式。其中有优美的宗教诗。我得承认，诗文中我最喜欢的是它的音乐性。我们教堂有个很棒的唱诗班。每隔一年在教堂大厅演出一场清唱剧：有亨德尔的《弥赛亚》、海顿的《创造》、门德尔松的《以利亚》。我们是音乐世家，五岁父母让我学钢琴。我母亲也会弹琴。令人伤心的是十六岁时，我不得不停了音乐课而为升大学忙碌地准备功课。可我依然为后来没有继续练琴遗憾不已。
也许早年我最感兴奋的事是我12岁时的那次伦敦之行。当时母亲的一个朋友带我乘火车去的。到达国王十字街时，史金尼夫妇前来接我，他们是我家的朋友，随后一直照顾我。伦敦给我的第一印象是不可磨灭的。国王十字街是一个巨大繁忙的闹市。城市四处充满着商业和帝国首都的气氛，让人眼花缭乱。这是我平生第一次看见来自异国他乡的人们。有一些还穿着印度和非洲的传统的民族服装。街上车水马龙和熙熙攘攘的行人就像产生电流一样，令人振奋。伦敦的建筑出于另一种原因给人深刻的印象，烟熏灰暗的外表赋予的壮丽辉煌不断地提醒我，我站在世界的中心。史金尼夫妇带着我游览了所有景点。我在特拉法尔加广场喂鸽子。我搭乘地铁，这对一个孩子而言是挺可怕的经历。我参观了动物园，我骑着大象，遇到爬虫胆怯地后退：这是我和舰队街的一点关系的早期预兆。我还去了唐宁街，但不象小哈洛德·威尔逊，我没在10号门外拍照留念，我没有那种预感。”
可不可以给我发份电子版
forwlp991@sina.com
Lesson 7
Mutilated ladiesChildren often have far more sense than their elders.
This simple truth was demonstrated rather dramatically during a civil defence exercise in a small town in Canada.
Most of the inhabitants were asked to take part in the exercise during which they had to pretend that their city had been bombed.
Air-raid warnings were sounded and thousands of people went into special air-raid shelters.
Doctors and nurses remained above ground while Police patrolled the streets in case anyone tried to leave the shelters too soon.
The police did not have much to do because the citizens took the exercise seriously.
They stayed underground for twenty minutes and waited for the siren to sound again.
On leaving the air-raid shelters, they saw that doctors and nurses were busy.
A great many people had volunteered to act as casualties.
Theatrical make-up and artificial blood had been used to make the injuries look realistic.
A lot of People were lying 'dead' in the streets.
The living helped to carry the dead and wounded to special stations.
A Child of six was brought in by two adults.
The child was supposed to be dead.
With theatrical make-up on his face, he looked as if he had died of shock.
Some people were so moved by the sight that they began to cry.
However, the child suddenly sat up and a doctor asked him to comment on his death.
The child looked around for a moment and said, 'I think they're all crazy!'
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